Understanding Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: Causes and Warning Signs

An aortic aneurysm occurs when the wall of the aorta, the body's main blood vessel, develops a bulge. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Aneurysms can develop in the abdominal or thoracic regions; those in the ascending aorta near the heart are called thoracic ascending aneurysms.

This condition affects many individuals and can pose serious health risks if not detected early.

Let's explore what causes thoracic aortic aneurysms and how to recognize their symptoms.

Arteriosclerosis
Plaque buildup hardens the aortic walls, making them less flexible. This condition, linked to high cholesterol and blood pressure, raises aneurysm risk.

Marfan Syndrome
A genetic disorder affecting connective tissues weakens the aortic wall, increasing aneurysm chances.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
A rare condition that causes tissues, including arteries, skin, and organs, to become fragile and weak.

Aortic Valve Abnormalities
Individuals born with defective valves, such as bicuspid aortic valves, endure increased pressure, leading to bulging and potential aneurysm formation.

Signs of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Early stages often present no symptoms, especially if the aneurysm is small. As it enlarges, symptoms may include chest or back pain, hoarseness, shortness of breath, cough, or chest tenderness.

Symptoms vary depending on the trigger and underlying causes. Larger aneurysms pose higher risks of rupture, which demands immediate medical attention. Signs of rupture include sudden, intense chest or back pain, dizziness, difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness, and paralysis on one side of the body.

If untreated, large aneurysms can lead to aortic dissection—a tear in the vessel walls—a life-threatening emergency. Recognizing symptoms early and seeking prompt care is crucial for safety.