Recognizing the Key Symptoms and Causes of GERD

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a common digestive condition where the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) malfunctions. The LES, a ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach, plays a critical role in preventing stomach acids from refluxing.

Risk Factors and Indicators of GERD

Causes
GERD can stem from various factors, with symptoms differing among individuals. Common causes include abnormalities in the LES, hiatal hernias, and slowed digestion due to a slow metabolism. Excess acid production is also a significant contributing factor.

The LES acts as a barrier, preventing reflux when functioning correctly. It relaxes briefly to allow food passage and then contracts again. Malfunctions such as weakened contractions or excessive relaxation can lead to reflux issues.

One recent concern is increased LES laxity, which makes it easier for acid to flow back into the esophagus. Hiatal hernias may also contribute, although their direct impact on GERD is still being studied. Sometimes, part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm, displacing the LES and facilitating reflux.

Common Symptoms
Typical signs of GERD include:

Chest discomfort

Feeling of a lump in the throat

Difficulty swallowing

Food regurgitation

Burning sensation in the chest, especially after meals, worsening at night

Nighttime symptoms may involve:

Sleep disturbances caused by persistent cough

Laryngitis, or inflammation of the voice box

Neglecting chronic GERD can lead to complications such as:

Esophageal narrowing: Acid damage causes scarring, leading to difficulty swallowing.

Esophageal ulcers: Open sores that can bleed, causing pain.

Barrett’s Esophagus: Damage to the esophageal lining, increasing cancer risk.