Respiratory Tract Disorders: Causes and Treatments

The respiratory system includes the upper parts such as the nose, sinuses, and pharynx, along with the lower parts like the voice box, bronchi, and lungs. Infections caused by viruses or bacteria are common issues in these regions. The lymph glands around the pharynx, including adenoids and tonsils, often become inflamed due to infections, leading to conditions like tonsillitis. The nose's hairs filter air, and mucus traps impurities, which is typical in common colds.

Air passes through the sinuses, warming and filtering it. Sinus infections, or sinusitis, occur when bacteria or viruses cause inflammation, sometimes requiring antibiotics or surgery. Inflammation of the lymph glands in the throat results in pharyngitis, which may necessitate removal of tonsils or adenoids.

Lower respiratory illnesses affect organs below the larynx, including the larynx, bronchi, alveoli, and lungs. Emphysema involves alveolar collapse, while chronic bronchial irritation leads to mucus production and airway restriction. This causes coughing and potential alveolar rupture, impairing oxygen exchange and lung elasticity. Treatment focuses on removing irritants, easing mucus clearance, and preventing infections with antibiotics. Breathing techniques are also trained for better expiration.

Asthma involves episodic bronchial smooth muscle contraction, often triggered by allergens. Managing asthma includes allergen avoidance, desensitization, vasodilator medications to open airways, and expectorants to clear mucus.