Comprehensive Guide to Multiple Myeloma: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer originating from plasma cells, which are a form of white blood cells responsible for producing antibodies. In this disease, abnormal cells multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow, disrupting normal blood cell production and leading to decreased antibody formation. The cancerous cells secrete excessive proteins, known as immunoglobulins, into the bloodstream and bones, causing damage and complications such as bone degradation and kidney issues. Anemia is also common among patients.

This condition requires prompt medical attention; early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes. While some patients may not need immediate therapy, symptoms necessitate swift intervention. Multiple treatment options are available, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplants.

Risk Factors for Multiple Myeloma
Although the precise cause remains unknown, several risk factors increase susceptibility. These include age over 65, African-American ethnicity, family history of plasma cell disorders, and previous plasma diseases like solitary plasmacytoma. Environmental exposures such as radiation and work in the petroleum sector also elevate risk. Additionally, a precancerous condition called MGUS can develop into full-blown multiple myeloma. Women generally face a higher risk, and early symptoms may be subtle, often presenting as bone pain—especially in the spine and chest—along with fatigue, numbness, leg weakness, weight loss, increased thirst, and occasional neurological issues like memory loss.

When symptoms appear and worsen, medical treatment becomes essential. Therapies aimed at controlling plasma cell growth and alleviating pain include chemotherapy, targeted drugs, and, in severe cases, stem cell transplants. Regular checkups help detect the disease early and improve prognosis.