Understanding Common Causes of Dry Eyes and Their Treatment Methods

The tear film, composed of oils, water, and mucus, plays a vital role in maintaining a smooth, clear eye surface and defending against infections. As people age, tear production often declines, especially in women post-menopause due to hormonal shifts.

A primary cause of dry eyes is inadequate tear production or increased evaporation, resulting from tear imbalance. Medically known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dry eyes can also stem from conditions like diabetes, thyroid issues, arthritis, or vitamin A deficiency.

Several factors contribute to dry eye development:

Medications such as antihistamines, antidepressants, decongestants, and hormone therapies can reduce tear production.

Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s may cause dry eyes.

Damage to tear glands from procedures like laser eye surgery or injuries can lead to dryness, often temporarily.

Evaporation of tears increases when exposed to wind, smoke, dry air, or after long screen use and reading sessions.

Out-turned eyelids (ectropion) can prevent proper tear coverage.

Blocked Meibomian glands reduce oil secretion necessary for tear stability, leading to dryness (blepharitis or rosacea).

Contact lenses can disturb the tear film, causing burning and irritation.

Dry climates and indoor environments with air conditioning or heating accelerate tear evaporation.

Diabetic nerve damage (polyneuropathy) can decrease blinking, affecting tear spread and increasing dryness.

Seasonal allergies, especially during pollen-heavy springs and winter indoor heating, often worsen dry eye symptoms and are exacerbated by allergy medications.

Individuals noticing dry eye symptoms should seek guidance from an eye specialist. Treatment options include:

OTC Remedies: Mild symptoms may improve with artificial tears, gels, or prescribed medications like cyclosporine approved by the FDA. Short-term corticosteroid eye drops can reduce inflammation.

Medication Adjustment: Consulting a doctor before changing medications can help manage dry eye side effects.

Technological Devices: FDA-approved devices can stimulate tear-producing glands temporarily.

Punctal Plugs: Silicone or collagen plugs can block tear drainage; in chronic cases, thermal cautery may provide a permanent solution.

Omega Fatty Acids: Supplementing with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, found in foods or supplements, can alleviate dryness.

Castor Oil Drops: Using preservative-free castor oil eye drops or consuming castor-rich foods and supplements can offer relief, with disposable vials recommended for long-term use to prevent irritation.