Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis: Causes and Signs

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own joints. This immune response leads to inflammation, causing the synovial lining to thicken and resulting in pain and swelling. Over time, cartilage deterioration and joint space reduction occur, leading to joint looseness and limited movement. RA commonly affects the hands, wrists, elbows, knees, and ankles, and can also impact other body systems like the heart and lungs, classifying it as a systemic disease.

While the exact cause remains unclear, scientists know that immune system abnormalities, genetics, hormones, and environmental factors contribute. Studies show that individuals with certain gene markers, such as HLA, STAT4, TRAF1, C5, and PTPN22, are more susceptible. However, not everyone with these genes develops RA, and some with RA lack these genetic markers.

Early RA may not show obvious swelling or redness; instead, individuals might feel tenderness and pain. Key symptoms include persistent joint pain and stiffness lasting more than six weeks, especially in the mornings, along with fatigue, appetite loss, and low-grade fever. Symptoms can fluctuate, with periods of exacerbation known as flares that can last days or months.