Understanding Leukemia: Origins, Classifications, and Treatment Approaches

Leukemia, a cancer of the blood-forming tissues, affects thousands annually. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 60,300 new cases are expected in the U.S. this year, with around 24,370 fatalities. It begins in blood stem cells, either myeloid or lymphoid precursors, which produce abnormal blast cells that outnumber healthy cells, impairing immune function.

There are four main types based on the affected cell lineage and progression:

1. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

Mostly impacting children under five, with around 5,960 new cases yearly. Despite high cure rates in younger patients, older adults face worse outcomes. Treatment includes chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplants, and immunotherapy.

2. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Predominantly diagnosed in individuals around 70 years old. It progresses slowly but can spread to organs like the liver and spleen if untreated. Annually, about 20,940 new cases and 4,510 deaths are recorded.

3. Acute Myeloid Leukemia

The most common leukemia with approximately 19,520 new cases each year. Mainly affecting older adults at around 68 years old, AML advances quickly. Younger patients often achieve remission through intensive treatment, with survival rates around 26% at five years.

4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Approximately 8,430 cases yearly, mainly in adults over 65. CML results from a genetic abnormality called the Philadelphia chromosome. Treatment includes targeted therapy, chemotherapy, stem cell transplants, and immunotherapy.