Understanding Peripheral and Central Neuropathy: Causes and Symptoms

Understanding Neuropathy: Types, Causes, and Signs

Neuropathy refers to nerve damage caused by injury or disease, impacting signal transmission between the brain and various body parts. Nerves are present throughout the body, making neuropathy a widespread condition, especially affecting about 8% of individuals over 55. The condition is classified according to the nerves involved, with several distinct types.

Types of neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy involves damage to nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, resulting in weakness, numbness, and pain, often in the feet and hands, but potentially affecting other regions as well.

Proximal neuropathy occurs when cranial nerves are affected, originating directly from the brain. This can lead to issues like Bell’s palsy and eye movement problems involving nerves like the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves. Symptoms are noticeable through eye and ear function abnormalities.

Autonomic neuropathy damages involuntary nerves controlling vital functions such as blood pressure, digestion, bladder control, sweating, and sexual responses. Organ functions may be significantly affected.

Focal neuropathy targets a single nerve or group of nerves in specific areas, frequently linked to diabetes. All these neuropathies fall under peripheral nervous system disorders.

Common causes of neuropathy include:

Genetic predisposition from birth

Kidney issues leading to toxin build-up

Exposure to heavy metals like arsenic, lead, mercury, and thallium

Medications such as chemotherapy, antivirals, antibiotics, and anticonvulsants

Liver problems causing chemical imbalance

Excess alcohol intake

Blood disorders and cancers

Vitamin deficiencies and hormonal conditions

Chronic inflammation and trauma

Viral and bacterial infections including HIV, shingles, Lyme disease, and more

Autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus

Symptoms of neuropathy include:

For peripheral nerve issues, common signs are tingling in toes and feet, muscle weakness, pain, cramps, twitching, and muscle loss. Skin, nails, and hair changes may also occur.

Loss of coordination and balance

Numbness and altered reflexes

Burning sensations and nerve pain

Hypersensitivity or insensitivity to pain and touch

Persistent tingling or pins-and-needles feeling

Autonomic nerve damage symptoms include:

Digestive issues like constipation or diarrhea

Difficulty swallowing and urinary problems

Slow heart rate and blood pressure fluctuations

Sexual dysfunction and abnormal sweating or dryness

Diagnosis involves:

Physical examination and symptom review

Blood tests for detecting underlying issues

Lumbar punctures for associated diseases

Sensory nerve testing

Muscle assessments for severity

Imaging and laboratory tests for tumors and abnormalities

Treatment options for neuropathy:

If an underlying condition causes neuropathy, managing that condition is key. When nerve damage is primary, treatment may include medications and injections aimed at alleviating symptoms and improving nerve function.