Understanding Oral Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Approaches

Persistent sores or unusual growths in the mouth that do not heal could indicate oral cancer. Annually, about 50,000 individuals in the country are diagnosed with this disease, with men accounting for nearly 70%. Common sites include the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, and throat. Without timely intervention, it can be life-threatening. Regular screening by dental professionals greatly improves the chances of early detection and successful treatment.

Oral Cancer Screening

During a routine dental visit, a dentist examines the mouth for early signs of cancer or precancerous changes. This screening increases the likelihood of early diagnosis and better treatment outcomes.

Most dental professionals routinely check for oral cancer as part of regular check-ups. Additional tests may be conducted if suspicious lesions are found. Conducting screenings annually is recommended, especially for adults over 20, while individuals over 40 should be screened every year. Those with risk factors, including HPV infection or family history, should undergo screening more frequently to detect early signs.

Common Diagnostic Tests:

Visual Examination: A thorough look inside the mouth, along with checking the face, neck, and throat for abnormalities.

Brush Biopsy: Gently scraping suspicious areas with a small brush to collect cells for analysis.

Incisional Biopsy: Removing a small tissue sample from a lesion to examine for cancerous cells.

Endoscopic Procedures: Using small mirrors or instruments to view the throat and larynx for signs of cancer.

Signs and Symptoms of Oral Cancer:

Lumps, rough patches, or ulcerations in the mouth or on lips

Reddish or white patches, or speckled lesions

Unexplained bleeding or numbness

Persistent mouth or throat sores

Difficulty swallowing, speaking, or moving the mouth

Persistent sore throat, hoarseness, or voice changes

Jaw swelling or discomfort, especially when wearing dentures

Ear pain and noticeable weight loss

Causes and Risk Factors:

Oral cancer originates from abnormal changes in the squamous cells lining the mouth, often due to DNA mutations. Risk factors include exposure to excessive sunlight on the lips, HPV infection, and weakened immune defenses.

Preventive Measures:

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent oral cancer, reducing risk is possible by avoiding prolonged sun exposure, maintaining good oral hygiene, and regular dental visits.

Early Detection Tips:

Perform regular self-exams by inspecting the mouth, throat, and neck for any lumps, changes, or persistent sores. Consult a healthcare professional if abnormalities are noticed. Early diagnosis through screening and awareness significantly enhances treatment success.

Primary treatments include surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Discuss all options and potential side effects with your healthcare provider before proceeding.