Understanding Brain Tumors: Types, Symptoms, and Signs

A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form a mass within or around the brain. These tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The growth rate varies—some expand rapidly, while others develop slowly. About one-third of brain tumors are malignant, yet all can impair brain function by pressing on nerves, blood vessels, or tissues as they enlarge.

Early signs of brain tumors

The symptoms depend on the tumor's location and size. Some tumors may not cause initial symptoms, but over time, pressure effects produce noticeable signs such as headaches or neurological issues.

Persistent, severe headaches—especially in the morning—and nausea or vomiting are common early indicators. These headaches often intensify with coughing or exertion and may not respond to typical pain relievers.

Sudden-onset seizures or fits in a healthy individual can also signal a brain tumor. Common early symptoms include:

Apathy, irritability, memory problems, or drowsiness

Numbness or tingling in limbs

Dizziness or imbalance

Partial loss of hearing or vision

Mood swings, depression, or hallucinations

Personality changes and abnormal behaviors

Cognitive decline and speech difficulties

Weakness or coordination issues on one side of the body

Reduced sense of smell

In women, symptoms like nipple discharge, excessive hair growth, or menstrual irregularities

Types of brain tumors

Brain tumors vary based on their origin and cellular makeup. They may be benign or malignant, with some having equal potential for either.

Common types include:

Meningioma – These originate from the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain. More prevalent in women, most are slow-growing and noncancerous; however, some can recur or persist after treatment.

Pituitary adenoma – Develop in the pituitary gland, often progressing slowly. They may cause hormonal imbalances and visual problems but are generally benign and treatable with surgery or medication.

Schwannoma – Also called vestibular schwannomas, these benign tumors arise from nerve sheaths in the ear, leading to hearing loss. They mostly affect middle-aged adults and can impact facial nerves as well.

Craniopharyngioma – With origins near the pituitary, these benign tumors can develop cysts or solid forms, often causing pressure on brain structures, impacting vision and endocrine functions. They are common in children and older adults.

Neurofibroma – Soft, painless tumors that develop on nerves throughout the body, often linked to neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).

Hemangioblastoma – Vascular tumors typically found in the cerebellum, sometimes associated with Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome; treatment often involves surgical removal.

Chondroma – Rare cartilage tumors that develop in skull bases and paranasal sinuses, primarily affecting young adults and potentially causing skull fractures or pressure on the brain.

Once diagnosed, managing symptoms and providing supportive care are vital for improving quality of life. Treatment plans should consider symptom control and ongoing assessment of any new or changing signs during therapy.