Understanding Polycythemia Vera: Symptoms, Causes, and Management

Polycythemia vera is a blood disorder characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells in the bone marrow. This excess thickens the blood, impairing circulation and increasing the risk of blood clots. If untreated, it can be life-threatening. Early diagnosis and proper treatment can reduce symptoms and complications. Read on to learn about the common signs, causes, preventive tips, dietary advice, and available therapies for managing this condition.

Symptoms of Polycythemia Vera
Many individuals show no obvious symptoms. Others may experience headaches, dizziness, fatigue, or blurred vision.

Additional symptoms include:

Itching, especially after warm baths; numbness or tingling in extremities; a feeling of fullness or discomfort in the upper left abdomen due to an enlarged spleen; unusual bleeding such as nosebleeds or bleeding gums; swollen joints, often affecting the big toe; and breathing issues when lying down.

Causes of Polycythemia Vera
It begins with a mutation in a gene within the bone marrow stem cells responsible for blood production. The most common cause is a mutation in the JAK2 gene, present in nearly 90% of cases. This mutation causes the stem cells to reproduce uncontrollably, leading to excessive red blood cell production. The mutation is typically acquired during life, not inherited.

To manage polycythemia vera, lifestyle changes are essential in addition to medical treatments. Regular exercise improves circulation, while avoiding high-altitude areas helps maintain oxygen levels. Monitoring blood pressure and maintaining a healthy weight reduce risks. Limiting fried foods and reducing salt and sugar intake support overall health.

Diet modifications can assist in managing the disease. Drinking plenty of water helps prevent complications like kidney stones and gout. Ensuring adequate calcium intake supports bone health. Avoiding foods rich in oxalates—such as beans and leafy greens—may reduce kidney stone risk. Eating fresh, unprocessed foods helps lower inflammation and cancer risk. Consuming carbs like brown rice and bananas keeps energy stable and prevents fatigue.

Common treatments include:

Phlebotomy, which involves regularly drawing blood to reduce red cell volume; medication to prevent blood clots and control symptoms; and radiation therapy to suppress overactive bone marrow cells, balancing blood counts and flow.

Final Thoughts