Understanding Arthritis: Types and Treatments

Arthritis involves joint pain and related conditions, constituting the primary cause of disability in the United States. Although typically associated with middle age, it is increasingly seen in children. Causes vary from ligament tears, gout, to immune system issues. Common symptoms include swelling, stiffness, persistent or sudden pain, and limited mobility. Symptoms may fluctuate or persist over years, sometimes worsening. Certain arthritis types can also impact other organs like the heart, eyes, kidneys, lungs, and skin.

There are four primary categories of arthritis: degenerative, inflammatory, metabolic, and infectious.

Degenerative arthritis: Commonly called osteoarthritis, this form results from cartilage deterioration due to injury or wear and tear. As cartilage wears away, bones rub together, causing pain, swelling, and joint instability. Traumatic injuries like ligament tears are common causes. Relief strategies include hot/cold therapy, maintaining active lifestyles, and anti-inflammatory medications.

Inflammatory arthritis:

Normally, the immune system defends against pathogens, but in autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, it mistakenly attacks joint tissues, leading to inflammation, erosion, and potential damage to other organs like the eyes. Environmental factors and genetics influence these autoimmune diseases. Treatments include disease-modifying drugs to reduce pain and improve joint function.

Metabolic arthritis: Elevated uric acid levels can cause uric acid crystals to form in joints, leading to gout and chronic discomfort. Uric acid derives from purines found in cells and certain foods. Managing uric acid levels is vital to prevent joint damage and disability.

Infectious arthritis: Bacterial or viral infections can invade joints, causing inflammation. Contaminated food (like Salmonella) or sexually transmitted infections (such as gonorrhea) can lead to joint infections. Antibiotics typically clear infections, but some cases become chronic.

Diagnosis and Management: Accurate diagnosis involves family history assessment, lab tests, and imaging. Rheumatologists often oversee treatment, which may include medication, physical therapy, or surgery like joint replacement if conventional treatments fail. Alternative therapies can also be explored for symptom relief.