Understanding Cervical Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Medical Options

Cervical cancer remains a leading health concern for women worldwide, particularly affecting those aged between 35 and 44. The cervix, part of the female reproductive system, connects the uterus to the vagina and is lined with specialized cells. The disease develops through four stages, starting with localized growth within the cervix, progressing to involve nearby tissues, and eventually spreading beyond the vaginal area to involve other organs.

Causes of Cervical Cancer

The primary cause is persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), with over 100 strains linked to the disease.

Smoking has been shown to elevate the risk of developing cervical cancer.

Early sexual activity can increase susceptibility to the disease.

Multiple pregnancies are associated with higher risk.

A weakened immune system can also contribute to disease development.

Signs and Symptoms

Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods or after intercourse.

Pain or discomfort during sexual activity.

Pelvic pain as the disease advances.

Foul-smelling and frequent vaginal discharge.

Heavy vaginal bleeding in menopausal women.

Difficulty urinating and associated pain over time.

Treatment Options

Surgical intervention, including hysterectomy, is most effective in early stages but results in loss of fertility.

Simple hysterectomy involves removing the uterus and cervix through minimally invasive procedures.

Radical hysterectomy removes additional tissues such as part of the vagina and lymph nodes to eradicate the cancer.

Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to target and destroy cancer cells, delivered externally or internally.

Chemotherapy employs powerful drugs circulated through the body to inhibit cancer growth.