Understanding Fibromyalgia: Symptoms, Causes, and Impact

Fibromyalgia, previously called Fibrositis, is a long-term health issue marked by widespread muscle and joint pain, along with fatigue, sleep problems, headaches, and mental fog. The core cause involves a malfunction in the central nervous system's ability to correctly process pain signals, leading to heightened pain perception. Sleep disruptions are linked to hormonal system imbalances, while the peripheral nerves may also contribute. Affecting approximately 2.7% of the global population, fibromyalgia is notably prevalent among women, with a ratio of 3:1, especially in middle age.

While it can occur at any age, it is mostly diagnosed during middle age in women. The CDC estimates the average annual healthcare cost per patient at $9,573. Being the second most common rheumatic disorder after osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia significantly impacts daily life, work, and relationships. About 35% of patients struggle with everyday activities due to persistent pain and fatigue.

Patients often have tender points—small, sore spots located near joints, such as the shoulders, elbows, hips, knees, back, and neck. These areas are highly sensitive, and applying pressure exacerbates pain. In diagnosis, 18 tender points in symmetrical pairs are assessed to confirm fibromyalgia.

Who Is Most Affected?

According to the Office on Women’s Health, women are predominantly affected, making up around 90% of those diagnosed. Hormonal differences are believed to play a role. The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases states that roughly 2% of the U.S. population—about five million people—live with fibromyalgia. Women are seven times more likely to develop the condition than men, with middle-aged individuals being most vulnerable.