Understanding Colitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention Strategies

Colitis refers to inflammation of the inner lining of the large intestine, causing discomfort and pain in the abdomen. The severity of pain can vary from mild to intense and often recurs over time. Different types of colitis present with symptoms like abdominal cramps, diarrhea—sometimes with blood—and general fatigue. Other signs include fever, dehydration, skin and eye inflammation, joint swelling, and canker sores, depending on the underlying cause. Recognizing these symptoms early is crucial for effective treatment.

Several factors can lead to colitis, including infections and immune responses. Common causes include infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which often result from contaminated water or food. Infections such as E-coli, Salmonella, and Giardia are typical culprits. Antibiotic use and hospitalization can lead to pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile bacteria. Blood flow restriction to the colon, known as ischemic colitis, can occur due to artery narrowing, clotting, or physical injury like twisting or hernia. Inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) are autoimmune conditions damaging the colon tissue. Other causes include microscopic inflammation, chemical exposure, and side effects from medications like NSAIDs or retinoids. Persistent diarrhea warrants medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment, as different causes demand distinct approaches.