Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Colitis

Colitis refers to inflammation affecting the large intestine or colon. This condition often results from infections, whether bacterial or viral, which cause swelling and irritate the colon. Common symptoms include altered bowel habits, fatigue, cramping, and abdominal discomfort. Proper treatment depends on the type and severity of colitis, and may involve medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Infectious colitis
Bacterial and viral infections are primary culprits, with bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter leading to bloody diarrhea and dehydration. Parasites acquired through contaminated water can also cause colon inflammation, resulting in diarrhea. Additionally, Clostridium difficile bacteria, often linked to antibiotic use, can cause pseudomembranous colitis, disrupting normal gut bacteria balance.

Ischemic colitis occurs when blood supply to the colon is reduced due to narrowed arteries or mechanical issues like volvulus or hernia. Reduced blood flow can also result from low blood pressure caused by dehydration, anemia, or shock, leading to symptoms like pain, fever, and bleeding.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, involves immune system attacks on the colon or other parts of the digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis primarily affects the rectum and colon, causing pain and bloody stools, while Crohn's can impact any part of the digestive system, from mouth to anus.

Microscopic colitis, such as collagenous and lymphocytic types, involves inflammation within the colon wall, often presenting with watery diarrhea, especially in older women. Chemical or medication-induced colitis can occur from exposure to harsh chemicals or overuse of medications like NSAIDs, leading to colon inflammation.

Seeking medical attention is crucial if symptoms like persistent diarrhea, dehydration, severe abdominal pain, or blood in stool occur. Treatment varies: ischemic colitis may require IV fluids or surgery; inflammatory bowel disease is managed with anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants; infection-related colitis typically needs targeted antibiotics, under medical supervision. Self-treatment without consultation can be risky.