Comprehensive Guide to Different Types of Meningitis

Understanding Various Meningitis Types

What is meningitis?
Meningitis refers to inflammation affecting the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Annually, over a million people worldwide are diagnosed with different forms of this condition. The primary cause is infections from germs such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.

Categories of meningitis
Bacterial meningitis
This form is rapid and severe, potentially leading to death or permanent disabilities within hours. It accounts for a significant percentage of cases and fatalities globally, with main culprits including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae B. Bacterial meningitis can also cause blood poisoning, known as septicaemia, which is life-threatening.

Most bacteria causing meningitis live harmlessly in the nose and throat, aiding immunity. However, in rare cases, they invade the body, spreading via respiratory droplets during coughing or close contact. Other pathogens include Group B Streptococcus, E. coli, and TB. Vaccines are available for many bacterial strains to prevent infection.

Viral meningitis
Less severe than bacterial forms, viral meningitis is common and often resolves without lasting effects, though recovery may take weeks. It spread via respiratory droplets and contaminated feces, with enteroviruses frequently causing symptoms like sore throat, fever, and muscle pain. In some regions, mumps virus also causes this type.

Fungal meningitis
Rare and serious, fungal meningitis results from environmental spores inhalation. It isn’t contagious and primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, such as those with AIDS. There are no vaccines for fungal infections.

Parasitic meningitis
Caused by parasites in contaminated food or water, this form is more common in developing countries. Noninfectious types may occur due to illnesses like syphilis or mumps, or from head injuries, congenital issues, surgery, or certain medications. Chemical meningitis stems from exposure to specific chemicals and is sterile, with no organisms present in cerebrospinal fluid.

Cancer-related meningitis
Also known as carcinomatous or malignant meningitis, this rare condition occurs when cancer spreads to the central nervous system, affecting less than 5% of advanced cancer patients. Chemotherapy can often resolve it effectively.