Hidden Facts About Rare Brain Tumor Types You Should Know

With over 120 distinct brain tumor varieties, identifying the rarest types can be challenging. Here’s an overview of some of the most uncommon brain tumors.

According to data from the American Cancer Society, in 2015, more than 22,500 individuals in the U.S. received diagnoses of primary brain tumors. An estimated 15,000 adults and around 4,300 children were expected to be affected that year, with many being younger than 15.

A brain tumor involves abnormal cell growth within the brain tissue, which can be benign or malignant. These tumors are classified as primary when they originate in the brain, while secondary or metastatic tumors start elsewhere and spread to the brain. Accurate classification is essential for treatment planning, as therapies vary based on the tumor’s origin. The National Brain Tumor Society recognizes more than 120 types.

Although gliomas constitute nearly 45% of primary brain tumors, many rare types are less known. Here are some of the less common brain tumor variants:

Ganglioglioma

Representing just 1% of all brain tumors, gangliogliomas typically develop from a single abnormal cell dividing in the brain. Most are benign, though about 10% are malignant according to the Office of Rare Diseases Research. Surgical removal is often necessary, with additional treatments like radiation or chemotherapy if needed.

Olfactory Neuroblastoma

Gliomas in the Brain Stem

This rare tumor arises at the brain stem base, developing gradually and causing symptoms like nausea, facial weakness, double vision, speech, and swallowing issues. Due to its location, surgery is often not an option; radiation therapy is commonly employed.

Grade III Meningioma

Meningiomas originate in the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. While most are benign (Grade I), about 1-4% reach Grade III and become malignant. Symptoms include seizures, headaches, and vision problems. Treatment involves surgery and radiation, with chemotherapy under ongoing research.

Pineoblastoma

Common in children, pineoblastomas develop in the pineal gland, often linked to RB1 gene mutations. Treatment generally includes surgery to remove the tumor, followed by chemo and radiation to eliminate residual cancer cells.

In diagnosing any brain tumor, your doctor conducts a physical exam and reviews your medical history. Neurological tests, eye examinations, and advanced imaging like MRI, CT scans, and angiography are used to confirm the diagnosis and plan treatment strategies.