Understanding Eosinophilic Asthma: Essential Facts You Should Know

Eosinophilic Asthma: Key Insights You Must Know

Eosinophilic asthma (EA) is a severe form of asthma characterized by elevated levels of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell integral to immune defense. While eosinophils usually protect against infections, in EA, they induce airway swelling and inflammation, making the condition difficult to manage. EA is relatively rare and often resistant to traditional asthma treatments, requiring specialized approaches.

Symptoms of Eosinophilic Asthma
Noticing any of these signs warrants prompt consultation with a pulmonologist:

Difficulty breathing

Coughing

Wheezing

Chest tightness and airflow obstruction

Nasal polyps

Chronic sinus infection symptoms like nasal congestion and loss of smell

Elevated eosinophil count in blood tests

Because these symptoms sometimes resemble COPD more than classic asthma signs, accurate diagnosis is crucial to determine the correct treatment pathway.

Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Asthma
The exact cause of EA remains unknown. Unlike common asthma triggered by environmental allergens such as pet dander or pollen, EA does not have clear external triggers. Diagnostic measures include:

Corticosteroid response testing

Blood tests measuring eosinophil levels

Bronchial tissue biopsies

Managing Eosinophilic Asthma
Treatment generally involves inhaled corticosteroids and rescue inhalers. Some patients, however, may not respond to these options. The main goal is to reduce airway inflammation and prevent attacks by controlling eosinophil activity.

Additional Treatment Options

Corticosteroids: While inhaled forms are common, oral corticosteroids may be prescribed but carry higher side-effect risks. Discussion with a doctor about these effects is essential.

Biologic Therapies: These medications target chemicals responsible for inflammation and swelling, administered via injections or IV.

Leukotriene Modifiers: These drugs block leukotrienes, inflammation-causing compounds similar to eosinophil activity, reducing inflammatory responses.

Rescue Inhalers: Fast-acting inhalers provide quick relief but may become less effective over time in EA patients.

Potential Complications of EA
Untreated or poorly managed EA can cause permanent lung tissue damage and other health issues, including:

Inner ear infections

Chronic sinus problems

Aspirin-induced respiratory disease (AERD)

Nasal polyps

Gastrointestinal eosinophilic conditions like eosinophilic gastroenteritis and enteritis

Consistent treatment, lifestyle adjustments such as exercise, healthy eating, and adequate rest are vital in managing EA effectively and preventing serious complications.