Understanding and Managing Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms

Type 1 Diabetes is a relatively rare condition, representing about 5-10% of all diabetes cases. It typically manifests before age 30, contrasting with type 2 which is more common among older adults.

Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. Genetic and environmental factors are believed to trigger this immune response, causing the body to produce antibodies that attack beta cells, with immune cells like CD4 and CD8T targeting these cells.

In the early stages, the pancreas compensates by producing more insulin, but eventually, beta cell damage surpasses 75%, causing blood sugar levels to rise significantly. Symptoms often include frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, intense thirst, hunger, blurred vision, fatigue, nausea, and increased infections.

Classic signs include the 3 P’s: polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia, explained by dehydration and the body's attempt to remove excess sugar. Treatment requires lifelong insulin therapy, tailored to individual needs, starting with typically 0.4-1.0 units per kilogram of body weight daily. Insulin can be administered through various injection types, with schedules dividing doses into basal (long-acting) and bolus (rapid-acting) components.

For dosing calculations, multiply the patient's weight in kilograms by the prescribed units per kg to determine total daily insulin. This dose is then split between basal and bolus needs. Proper injection techniques involve rotating injection sites like the abdomen or thighs to ensure consistent absorption and prevent skin issues. Insulin should be refrigerated for long-term storage or kept at room temperature for up to a month, avoiding heat exposure. Side effects include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and skin irritation at injection sites.