Understanding Normal Blood Glucose Levels and Monitoring Methods

Managing diabetes involves keeping blood glucose levels within a healthy range. Knowing what constitutes normal blood sugar levels and how to monitor them effectively is essential for maintaining health and preventing complications.

First, it's important to differentiate between “glucose” and “sugar.” Sugar refers broadly to sweet carbohydrates soluble in water, while glucose is a specific sugar vital for energy. Other sugars like fructose and lactose are converted into glucose within our bodies.

These sugars are essential for energy production, and our bodies break down starches into glucose too. When referring to blood sugar, or blood glucose levels, measurements vary by region: in the US, it's mg/dl; in the UK and Canada, mmol/L.

What are normal blood sugar levels?
Blood sugar fluctuates throughout the day. For non-diabetics, fasting levels are typically below 100 mg/dl, usually between 70–99 mg/dl before meals. After eating, levels should stay under 140 mg/dl two hours post-meal. Diabetics aim to keep fasting levels between 80–130 mg/dl and post-meal levels under 180 mg/dl, to minimize health risks. Monitoring via hemoglobin A1c provides an average over 2–3 months, with healthy levels below 5.7%. Higher glucose levels can cause nerve and vessel inflammation, leading to serious complications. Maintaining proper insulin function and lifestyle choices helps control blood sugar within safe ranges.

The key blood glucose targets are: fasting 70–99 mg/dl (non-diabetic) and 80–130 mg/dl (diabetic); post-meal under 140 mg/dl (non-diabetic) and 180 mg/dl (diabetic). Regular testing—via fingerstick or continuous glucose monitors (CGM)—is vital for effective management, especially for insulin users. Consistent monitoring aids in preventing hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, ensuring overall health and stability.