Understanding the Causes of Dizziness and Balance Disorders

Vertigo is a condition characterized by the sensation that surroundings are spinning or moving, despite no actual movement. It often presents with dizziness, nausea, headaches, sweating, and difficulties walking.

When a person perceives personal movement, it is termed subjective vertigo, whereas perceiving that the environment moves indicates objective vertigo.

Vertigo can stem from various causes, classified broadly into peripheral and central origins.

If the cause is central, issues may involve the cerebellum or brainstem regions, which are critical for coordination and balance.

Peripheral vertigo originates from problems within the inner ear's balance system. Common causes include:

BPPV (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo)
This prevalent condition involves tiny calcium particles accumulating in the inner ear’s canals, leading to sudden episodes of dizziness and imbalance, often triggered by head movements or bending.

Head trauma
Injuries to the head can disrupt inner ear structures or brain functions, resulting in vertigo. Both minor and severe injuries require medical attention.

Inner ear infections (Labyrinthitis)
Inflamation of the labyrinth, a vital part of the inner ear, caused by infections like cold, flu, or bacteria, can impair hearing and balance, with symptoms including vertigo, ear pain, and ringing in the ears.

Vestibular Neuritis
Viral infections can inflame the nerve connecting inner ear components to the brain, causing dizziness lasting hours or weeks until recovery.

Menière’s Disease
A rare inner ear disorder marked by episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, ringing, and fullness in the ear. Its exact cause remains unknown but managed through diet and medication.

Medication side effects
Certain drugs may induce dizziness as a side effect, which typically resolves or requires medical review if severe.

Central vertigo usually results from:

Migraines
Severe headaches, often on one side, accompanied by sensitivity to light or sound, can cause dizziness, especially in younger individuals.

Acoustic Neuroma
A benign tumor on the vestibular nerve impacting balance and hearing.

Multiple Sclerosis
A lifelong condition affecting the nervous system, leading to coordination issues and vertigo.

Mini-stroke (TIA)
Temporary interruption of blood flow in the brain causes unsteadiness and imbalance lasting minutes to hours.

If you experience dizziness or balance issues, consult a healthcare professional promptly for proper diagnosis and treatment.